Emergency care and transportation of the sick and injured 12th edition test bank

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Celebrating 45 years of EMS education and innovation.

In 1971, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) published the first edition of Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured with its now-familiar orange cover and laid the foundation of EMS training. Today, the AAOS’s commitment and dedication to excellence has transformed how EMS education is delivered throughout the world and helped develop and train countless world-class EMS providers. In 1997, the AAOS partnered with Jones & Bartlett Publishers (JB Learning) to release Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured, Revised Sixth Edition. Since the publication of that edition, the AAOS and JB Learning have worked together to transform all levels of EMS training, from emergency medical responder to paramedic. Our partnership has resulted in market-leading resources that go beyond initial training into assessment, continuing education, and professional resources to support EMS providers through every step of their education and career. Today, the AAOS suite of EMS educational resources, from first aid and CPR to critical care transport, are the gold standard in training programs with exceptional content and instructional resources that meet the diverse needs of today’s educators and students. JB Learning is proud and honored to congratulate our esteemed partner, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, on the 45th anniversary of their first publication of the Orange Book. To explore other AAOS publications, programs, and products on orthopaedic trauma and other practice areas, please visit

aaos/Education.

CHAPTER 25 Bleeding

CHAPTER 26 Soft-Tissue Injuries

CHAPTER 27 Face and Neck Injuries

CHAPTER 28 Head and Spine Injuries

CHAPTER 29 Chest Injuries

CHAPTER 30 Abdominal and Genitourinary Injuries

CHAPTER 31 Orthopaedic Injuries

CHAPTER 32 Environmental Emergencies

Section 8: Special Patient Populations

CHAPTER 33 Obstetrics and Neonatal Care

CHAPTER 34 Pediatric Emergencies

CHAPTER 35 Geriatric Emergencies

CHAPTER 36 Patients With Special Challenges

Section 9: EMS Operations

CHAPTER 37 Transport Operations

CHAPTER 38 Vehicle Extrication and Special Rescue

CHAPTER 39 Incident Management

CHAPTER 40 Terrorism Response and Disaster Management

Section 10: The Team Approach to Health Care

CHAPTER 41 A Team Approach to Health Care GLOSSARY INDEX

Contents

Section 1: Preparatory

CHAPTER 1 EMS Systems

Introduction Course Description EMT Training: Focus and Requirements Licensure Requirements Overview of the EMS System History of EMS Levels of Training Public Basic Life Support and Immediate Aid Emergency Medical Responders Emergency Medical Technician Advanced Emergency Medical Technician Paramedic Components of the EMS System Public Access Communication Systems Clinical Care Human Resources Medical Direction Legislation and Regulation Integration of Health Services Mobile Integrated Healthcare Evaluation Information Systems System Finance Education Systems Prevention and Public Education EMS Research Roles and Responsibilities of the EMT Professional Attributes Prep Kit

CHAPTER 2 Workforce Safety and Wellness

Introduction General Health and Wellness Wellness and Stress Management Sleep Infectious and Communicable Diseases Routes of Transmission Risk Reduction and Prevention for Infectious and Communicable Diseases Establishing an Infection Control Routine Immunity General Postexposure Management Scene Safety Scene Hazards Protective Clothing: Preventing Injury Cold Weather Clothing

Standards Imposed by Textbooks Standards Imposed by States Duty to Act Negligence Abandonment Assault and Battery and Kidnapping Defamation Good Samaritan Laws and Immunity Records and Reports Special Mandatory Reporting Requirements Abuse of Children, Older People, and Others Injury During the Commission of a Felony Drug-Related Injuries Childbirth Other Reporting Requirements Scene of a Crime The Deceased Ethical Responsibilities The EMT in Court Prep Kit

CHAPTER 4 Communications and Documentation

Introduction Therapeutic Communication Age, Culture, and Personal Experience Nonverbal Communication Verbal Communication Written Communications and Documentation Patient Care Report Types of Forms Reporting Errors Documenting Refusal of Care Special Reporting Situations Communications Systems and Equipment Base Station Radios Mobile and Portable Radios Repeater-Based Systems Digital Equipment Cellular/Satellite Telephones Other Communications Equipment Radio Communications Responding to the Scene Communicating With Medical Control and Hospitals Maintenance of Radio Equipment Prep Kit

CHAPTER 5 Medical Terminology

Introduction Anatomy of a Medical Term Word Roots Prefixes Suffixes Combining Vowels Word Building Rules Plural Endings

Special Word Parts Numbers Colors Positions and Directions Common Direction, Movement, and Position Terms Directional Terms Movement Terms Other Directional Terms Anatomic Positions Breaking Terms Apart Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols Abbreviations Symbols Master Tables Prep Kit

CHAPTER 6 The Human Body

Introduction Topographic Anatomy The Planes of the Body The Skeletal System: Anatomy The Axial Skeleton The Spinal Column The Thorax The Appendicular Skeleton The Pelvis The Lower Extremities The Skeletal System: Physiology The Musculoskeletal System: Anatomy Skeletal Muscle The Musculoskeletal System: Physiology The Respiratory System: Anatomy The Upper Airway The Lower Airway Lungs The Respiratory System: Physiology Respiration Ventilation Characteristics of Normal Breathing Inadequate Breathing Patterns in Adults The Circulatory System: Anatomy The Heart Arteries Capillaries Veins The Spleen Blood Composition The Circulatory System: Physiology Normal Circulation in Adults Inadequate Circulation in Adults The Function of Blood Nervous System Control of the Cardiovascular System The Nervous System: Anatomy and Physiology The Central Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System

The Wheeled Ambulance Stretcher Backboards Moving and Positioning the Patient Body Mechanics Anatomy Review Principles of Safe Reaching and Pulling Principles of Safe Lifting and Carrying Patient Weight Lifting and Carrying a Patient on a Backboard or Stretcher Moving a Patient With a Stair Chair Moving a Patient on Stairs With a Stretcher Loading a Wheeled Stretcher Into an Ambulance Directions and Commands Emergency Moves Urgent Moves Rapid Extrication Technique Nonurgent Moves Direct Ground Lift Extremity Lift Transfer Moves Geriatrics Bariatrics Additional Patient-Moving Equipment Bariatric Stretchers Pneumatic and Electronic Powered Wheeled Stretchers Portable/Folding Stretchers Flexible Stretchers Short Backboards Vacuum Mattresses Basket Stretchers Scoop Stretchers Neonatal Isolettes Decontamination Patient Positioning Medical Restraints Personnel Considerations Prep Kit

Section 2: Patient Assessment

CHAPTER 9 Patient Assessment

Introduction Scene Size-up Ensure Scene Safety Determine Mechanism of Injury/Nature of Illness Take Standard Precautions Determine Number of Patients Consider Additional/Specialized Resources Primary Assessment Form a General Impression Assess Level of Consciousness Assess the Airway Assess Breathing Assess Circulation Performing a Rapid Exam to Identify Life Threats

Determine Priority of Patient Care and Transport History Taking Investigate the Chief Complaint (History of Present Illness) Obtain SAMPLE History Secondary Assessment Systematically Assess the Patient—Secondary Assessment Systematically Assess the Patient—Focused Assessment Assess Vital Signs Using the Appropriate Monitoring Device Reassessment Repeat the Primary Assessment Reassess Vital Signs Reassess the Chief Complaint Recheck Interventions Identify and Treat Changes in the Patient’s Condition Reassess Patient Prep Kit

Section 3: Airway

CHAPTER 10 Airway Management

Introduction Anatomy of the Respiratory System Anatomy of the Upper Airway Anatomy of the Lower Airway Physiology of Breathing Ventilation Oxygenation Respiration Pathophysiology of Respiration Factors in the Nervous System Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio and Mismatch Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation Factors Affecting Respiration Circulatory Compromise Patient Assessment Recognizing Adequate Breathing Recognizing Abnormal Breathing Assessment of Respiration Opening the Airway Head Tilt–Chin Lift Maneuver Jaw-Thrust Maneuver Opening the Mouth Suctioning Suctioning Equipment Techniques of Suctioning Basic Airway Adjuncts Oropharyngeal Airways Nasopharyngeal Airways Maintaining the Airway Supplemental Oxygen Supplemental Oxygen Equipment Procedures for Operating and Administering Oxygen Hazards of Supplemental Oxygen Oxygen-Delivery Equipment Nonrebreathing Masks

Pathophysiology Perfusion Causes of Shock Types of Shock Cardiogenic Shock Obstructive Shock Distributive Shock Hypovolemic Shock Respiratory Insufficiency The Progression of Shock Patient Assessment for Shock Emergency Medical Care for Shock Treating Cardiogenic Shock Treating Obstructive Shock Treating Septic Shock Treating Neurogenic Shock Treating Anaphylactic Shock Treating Psychogenic Shock Treating Hypovolemic Shock Treating Respiratory Insufficiency Treating Shock in Older Patients Prep Kit

CHAPTER 13 BLS Resuscitation

Introduction Elements of BLS The Components of CPR Assessing the Need for BLS Basic Principles of BLS Automated External Defibrillation AED Usage in Children Special AED Situations Positioning the Patient Check for Breathing and a Pulse Provide External Chest Compressions Proper Hand Position and Compression Technique Opening the Airway and Providing Artificial Ventilation Opening the Airway in Adults Recovery Position Breathing Provide Artificial Ventilations One-Rescuer Adult CPR Two-Rescuer Adult CPR Switching Positions Devices and Techniques to Assist Circulation Active Compression-Decompression CPR Impedance Threshold Device Mechanical Piston Device Load-Distributing Band CPR or Vest CPR Infant and Child CPR Determining Responsiveness Check for Breathing and a Pulse Airway Provide Rescue Breathing Interrupting CPR

When Not to Start CPR When to Stop CPR Foreign Body Airway Obstruction in Adults Recognizing Foreign Body Airway Obstruction Removing a Foreign Body Airway Obstruction in an Adult Foreign Body Airway Obstruction in Infants and Children Removing a Foreign Body Airway Obstruction in a Child Removing a Foreign Body Airway Obstruction in Infants Special Resuscitation Circumstances Opioid Overdose Cardiac Arrest in Pregnancy Grief Support for Family Members and Loved Ones Education and Training for the EMT Education and Training for the Public Prep Kit

Section 6: Medical

CHAPTER 14 Medical Overview

Introduction Types of Medical Emergencies Patient Assessment Management, Transport, and Destination Scene Time Type of Transport Destination Selection Infectious Diseases General Assessment Principles General Management Principles Epidemic and Pandemic Considerations Common or Serious Communicable Diseases Influenza Herpes Simplex HIV Infection Hepatitis Meningitis Tuberculosis Whooping Cough Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Global Health Issues Travel Medicine Conclusion Prep Kit

CHAPTER 15 Respiratory Emergencies

Introduction Anatomy of the Respiratory System Physiology of Respiration Pathophysiology Carbon Dioxide Retention and Hypoxic Drive Causes of Dyspnea Upper or Lower Airway Infection Acute Pulmonary Edema Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Asthma, Hay Fever, and Anaphylaxis