How does insulin regulate blood glucose levels quizlet

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Terms in this set (14)

Hormonal regulation of blood glucose levels

Insulin and Glucagon:
- Respond to blood glucose levels

Epinephrine:
- 'Fight or flight' response

Cortisol:
- Stress reaction

Where are insulin and glucagon produced?

Produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
- Alpha cell secretes glucagon
- Beta cell secretes insulin

Homeostasis Blood glucose level: High

Stimulus:
- Rising blood glucose level (e.g after eating)

- Beta cells of pancreas stimulated to release insulin into the blood.
- Insulin = body cells take up more glucose/ liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen.
- Blood glucose level declines to a set point- stimulus for insulin release diminishes.

Homeostasis Blood glucose level: Low

Stimulus:
- Removal of excess glucose from blood
- Low blood glucose level (e.g. after skipping a meal)

- Alpha cells of pancreas stimulated to release glucagon into the blood
- Glucagon = Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into the blood.
- Blood glucose level rises to a set point, stimulus for glucagon release diminishes.

Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in beta cells

- Glucose enters pancreatic beta cell via glucose transporter GLUT2.
- ATP/ADP production increases
- ATP sensitive K+ channel closed
- Voltage gated Ca2+ channel opens.
- Ca2+ release causes insulin to be secreted (exocytosis)

Effects of insulin on blood glucose:

Plasma glucose increases:
- Beta cells in pancreas = secretion of insulin increases.
- Fatty acid synthesis (liver)/ TAG synthesis (adipose tissue)

Most tissues:
- Increase of glucose uptake into cells.

Liver and muscle:
- Increase glycogen synthesis
- Decrease glycogenolysis

Liver:
- Decrease gluconeogenesis

= Decrease in plasma glucose.

Effects of glucagon:

- Plasma glucose decreases
- Plasma amino acids increases
- Sympathetic activity increases
- Epinephrine secretion increase

= Alpha cells in pancreas secretes more glucagon.

Liver:
- Increases glycogenolysis
- Decreases glycogen synthesis
- Increases gluconeogenesis
- Increases ketone synthesis
- Increases protein breakdown
- Decreases protein synthesis

Adipose tissue:
- Increases lipolysis
- Decreases triglyceride synthesis

Fuel metabolism in the liver during starvation:

1. Protein degradation yields glycogenic amino acids.
2. Urea exported to the kidney and excreted in the urine.
3. Citric acid cycle intermediates are diverted to gluconeogenesis.
4. Glucose is exported to the brain via the bloodstream.
5. Fatty acids (imported from adipose tissues) are oxidised as fuel, producing Acetyl CoA.
6. Lack of oxaloacetate prevents Acetyl CoA entry into the CAC, acetyl-CoA accumulates.
7. Acetyl-CoA accumulation favours keoton body synthesis.
8. Ketone bodies are exported via the bloodstream to the brain, which uses them as fuel.

Where is epinephrine and cortisol produced?

Epinephrine is produced in the medulla, adrenal gland.
Cortisol is produced in the cortex, adrenal gland.

Epinephrine: Impending activity

Sympathetic activity
---> Adrenal medulla
---> Epinephrine:

Liver:
- Increases glycogenolysis
- Decreases glycogenesis
- Increases gluconeogensis

Muscle:
- Increases glycogenolysis
- Decrease glycogenesis
- Increases Glycolysis

Adipose tissue:
- Increases lipolysis

Pancreas:
- Increase glucagon secretion
- Decreases insulin secretion

Cortisol: stress

- Acts on muscle, liver and adipose tissue.
- To supply fuel (ready for flight and fight)
- Slow acting hormone
- Continued release can cause damage.

Which of the following hormones does not respond to blood glucose levels?

Insulin
Glucagon
Cortisol

Cortisol

Insulin up rregulates:

Glycogen breakdown
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen synthesis

Glycogen synthesis

Epinephrine down regulates:

Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen breakdown
Lipolysis
Insulin secretion

Insulin secretion

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