By Debra A. Sokol-McKay, MS, CDE, OTR/L, SCLV What Is Hyperglycemia? What Is Hypoglycemia? In relation to diabetes, hyperglycemia refers to chronically high blood glucose levels. Most medical professionals define hyperglycemia by using the blood glucose goals that you and your physician have established and combining those goals with the blood glucose target ranges set by the American Diabetes Association. It’s important to understand that you’ll probably experience high blood glucose levels from time to time, despite your best efforts at control. As with any chronic disease, talk with your physician and diabetes care team if the pattern of your blood glucose readings is consistently higher or lower than your blood glucose goals.
Complications from Hyperglycemia
Persistent hyperglycemia can cause a wide range of chronic complications that affect almost every system in your body. When large blood vessels are affected, it can lead to:- Stroke (cerebral vascular disease)
- Heart attack or Congestive Heart Failure (coronary heart disease)
- Circulation disorders and possible amputation (peripheral vascular disease)
- Kidney disease (nephropathy)
- Nerve damage (neuropathy)
- Diabetic eye disease (retinopathy)
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Severe Complications from Hyperglycemia
Very high blood glucose levels can also lead to the following acute, life-threatening conditions, both of which require immediate medical attention: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) occurs most frequently in persons with type 1 diabetes. DKA results from dehydration during a state of relative insulin deficiency, associated with high blood glucose levels and organic acids called ketones. Physical signs and symptoms of DKA include:- Hyperglycemia (250 mg/dL or greater)
- Dry, parched mouth
- Extreme thirst
- Frequent urination
- General weakness
- Fruity breath
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal pain
- Deep, rapid breathing
- Severe hyperglycemia (greater than 600 mg/dL)
- Dry, parched mouth
- Extreme thirst (which may gradually disappear)
- Warm, dry skin that does not sweat
- High fever (greater than 101 degrees F)
- Sleepiness or confusion
- Hallucinations
- Weakness on one side of the body
Reducing the Risk Factors for Complications
You can reduce your risk factors for complications related to hyperglycemia by doing the following:- Maintaining your blood glucose levels within a normal range
- Keeping your blood pressure under control
- Controlling your blood fats (cholesterol and triglycerides)
- Avoiding/stopping smoking
- Increasing your physical activity
- Avoiding excess alcohol consumption
- Developing healthy eating habits and losing weight if necessary
What Is Hypoglycemia?
Hypoglycemia refers to dangerously low blood glucose levels that drop below 70 mg/dL. Significant hypoglycemia is considered below 54 mg/dL. It is an acute complication of diabetes and occurs in individuals who use insulin or specific kinds of oral diabetes medication. If you use oral diabetes medications, ask your physician or diabetes educator whether hypoglycemia should be a concern.Symptoms of Hypoglycemia
Symptoms of hypoglycemia include the following:- Sweating
- Rapid pulse
- Shakiness, dizziness, weakness
- Decreased coordination
- Difficulty concentrating
- Blurred vision
- Headache
- Trouble performing routine tasks
- Note: Symptoms can vary from person to person and episode to episode.
Treating Hypoglycemia
To treat hypoglycemia, you must immediately:- Check your blood glucose level to determine the amount of carbohydrate that is needed to raise your blood glucose to a safe level.
- Use the 15/15 Rule: Consume 15 grams of carbohydrate (4 ounces of regular juice or soda, 1 tablespoon honey, 2 tablespoons raisins, 7 Life Savers®, 9 Sweet Tarts®, or 3-4 glucose tablets) and retest your blood glucose in 15 minutes. If it is still below 70 mg/dL, you should consume an additional 15 grams of carbohydrate. Following the 15/15 Rule can help avoid over treatment and resulting hyperglycemia.
- If you are not planning to have a meal within one to two hours after treating a hypoglycemic reaction, eat a snack containing 15-30 grams of carbohydrate to prevent another episode of hypoglycemia.
Complications from Hypoglycemia
If hypoglycemia is not treated immediately, it can result in:- Severe confusion and disorientation
- Unconsciousness
- Seizures
- Coma
- Death
Ways to Manage Hypoglycemia
Other tips for managing hypoglycemia include:- Keep glucose-containing products close by at all times.
- Clearly label sugar-free products, in a format of your choosing, to distinguish them from regular products.
- Make sure you can test your own blood glucose, measure insulin accurately, and determine recommended food portions to help prevent and properly treat low blood glucose.
- Be sure to wear diabetes identification at all times.
What are the three classic signs of hyperglycemia?
Hyperglycemia usually doesn't cause symptoms until blood sugar (glucose) levels are high — above 180 to 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 10 to 11.1 millimoles per liter (mmol/L)..
Frequent urination..
Increased thirst..
Blurred vision..
Feeling weak or unusually tired..
What are the signs & symptoms for hypoglycemia?
Low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia).
sweating..
feeling tired..
dizziness..
feeling hungry..
tingling lips..
feeling shaky or trembling..
a fast or pounding heartbeat (palpitations).
becoming easily irritated, tearful, anxious or moody..
How can you tell the difference between high and low sugar?
by Drugs.com.
Hypoglycemia means low blood sugar and is usually defined as a blood sugar less than 70 mg/dL..
Hyperglycemia means high blood sugar and is usually defined as blood sugar greater than 125 mg/dL in a person who has not eaten in the last eight hours or more than 180 mg/dL in someone who ate two hours ago..