What is chronic systolic congestive heart failure

Review

Table of Contents Show

Systolic heart failure: chronic and acute syndromes
Similar articles
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
When to see a doctor
Get the latest heart transplant-related health information from Mayo Clinic.
Risk factors
Complications
What is the life expectancy of someone with systolic heart failure?
What causes chronic systolic congestive heart failure?
What is the treatment for systolic heart failure?
What is the difference between congestive heart failure and chronic heart failure?

Systolic heart failure: chronic and acute syndromes

Kanu Chatterjee et al. Crit Care Med. 2008 Jan.

Abstract

Systolic heart failure is characterized by ventricular dilation and reduced ejection fraction, and this syndrome may be either chronic or acute. Left ventricular remodeling is the principal cause of progression of systolic heart failure. Acute heart failure resulting from cardiomyopathy has similar functional and morphologic abnormalities. This review discusses remodeling, initial therapy based on neurohormonal modulation, and treatment of decompensated and refractory heart failure. Diagnosis, prognosis, and management of acute myocarditis are also discussed.

Cited by

Nrf2 signaling in heart failure: expression of Nrf2, Keap1, antioxidant, and detoxification genes in dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Lu Y, An L, Taylor MRG, Chen QM. Lu Y, et al. Physiol Genomics. 2022 Mar 1;54(3):115-127. doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00079.2021. Epub 2022 Jan 24. Physiol Genomics. 2022. PMID: 35073209

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
- Ovid Technologies, Inc.
- Wolters Kluwer
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Overview

Heart failure — sometimes known as congestive heart failure — occurs when the heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should. When this happens, blood often backs up and fluid can build up in the lungs, causing shortness of breath.

Certain heart conditions, such as narrowed arteries in the heart (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure, gradually leave the heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump blood properly.

Proper treatment can improve the signs and symptoms of heart failure and may help some people live longer. Lifestyle changes — such as losing weight, exercising, reducing salt (sodium) in your diet and managing stress — can improve your quality of life. However, heart failure can be life-threatening. People with heart failure may have severe symptoms, and some may need a heart transplant or a ventricular assist device (VAD).

One way to prevent heart failure is to prevent and control conditions that can cause it, such as coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity.

Symptoms

Heart failure can be ongoing (chronic), or it may start suddenly (acute).

Heart failure signs and symptoms may include:

Shortness of breath with activity or when lying down
Fatigue and weakness
Swelling in the legs, ankles and feet
Rapid or irregular heartbeat
Reduced ability to exercise
Persistent cough or wheezing with white or pink blood-tinged mucus
Swelling of the belly area (abdomen)
Very rapid weight gain from fluid buildup
Nausea and lack of appetite
Difficulty concentrating or decreased alertness
Chest pain if heart failure is caused by a heart attack

When to see a doctor

See your doctor if you think you might be experiencing signs or symptoms of heart failure. Call 911 or emergency medical help if you have any of the following:

Chest pain
Fainting or severe weakness
Rapid or irregular heartbeat associated with shortness of breath, chest pain or fainting
Sudden, severe shortness of breath and coughing up white or pink, foamy mucus

Although these signs and symptoms may be due to heart failure, there are many other possible causes, including other life-threatening heart and lung conditions. Don't try to diagnose yourself.

Emergency room doctors will try to stabilize your condition and determine if your symptoms are due to heart failure or something else.

If you have a diagnosis of heart failure and if any of the symptoms suddenly become worse or you develop a new sign or symptom, it may mean that existing heart failure is getting worse or not responding to treatment. This may also be the case if you gain 5 pounds (2.3 kilograms) or more within a few days. Contact your doctor promptly.

To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with other information we have about you. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could include protected health information. If we combine this information with your protected health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of privacy practices. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the e-mail.

Causes

Heart failure often develops after other conditions have damaged or weakened the heart. However, heart failure can also occur if the heart becomes too stiff.

In heart failure, the main pumping chambers of the heart (the ventricles) may become stiff and not fill properly between beats. In some people, the heart muscle may become damaged and weakened. The ventricles may stretch to the point that the heart can't pump enough blood through the body.

Over time, the heart can no longer keep up with the typical demands placed on it to pump blood to the rest of the body.

Your doctor can determine how well your heart is pumping by measuring how much blood is pumped out with each beat (ejection fraction). Ejection fraction is used to help classify heart failure and guide treatment. In a healthy heart, the ejection fraction is 50% or higher — meaning that more than half of the blood that fills the ventricle is pumped out with each beat.

But heart failure can occur even with a normal ejection fraction. This happens if the heart muscle becomes stiff from conditions such as high blood pressure.

Heart failure can involve the left side (left ventricle), right side (right ventricle) or both sides of your heart. Generally, heart failure begins with the left side, specifically the left ventricle — your heart's main pumping chamber.

Type of heart failure	Description
Left-sided heart failure	Fluid may back up in the lungs, causing shortness of breath.
Right-sided heart failure	Fluid may back up into the abdomen, legs and feet, causing swelling.
Systolic heart failure (also called heart failure with reduced ejection fraction)	The left ventricle can't contract vigorously, indicating a pumping problem.
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction	The left ventricle can't relax or fill fully, indicating a filling problem.

Any of the following conditions can damage or weaken your heart and can cause heart failure. Some of these can be present without your knowing it:

Coronary artery disease and heart attack. Coronary artery disease is the most common form of heart disease and the most common cause of heart failure. The disease results from the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries, which reduces blood flow and can lead to heart attack.
A heart attack occurs suddenly when a coronary artery becomes completely blocked. Damage to your heart muscle from a heart attack may mean that your heart can no longer pump as well as it should.
High blood pressure. If your blood pressure is high, your heart has to work harder than it should to circulate blood throughout your body. Over time, this extra exertion can make your heart muscle too stiff or too weak to properly pump blood.
Faulty heart valves. The valves of the heart keep blood flowing in the proper direction. A damaged valve — due to a heart defect, coronary artery disease or heart infection — forces the heart to work harder, which can weaken it over time.
Damage to the heart muscle. Heart muscle damage can have many causes, including certain diseases, infection, heavy alcohol use, and the toxic effect of drugs, such as cocaine or some drugs used for chemotherapy. Genetic factors also can play a role.
Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis). Myocarditis is most commonly caused by a virus, including the COVID-19 virus, and can lead to left-sided heart failure.
A heart problem that you're born with (congenital heart defect). If your heart and its chambers or valves haven't formed correctly, the healthy parts of your heart have to work harder to pump blood, which may lead to heart failure.
Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). Abnormal heart rhythms may cause your heart to beat too fast, creating extra work for your heart. A slow heartbeat also may lead to heart failure.
Other diseases. Long-term diseases — such as diabetes, HIV, an overactive or underactive thyroid, or a buildup of iron or protein — also may contribute to chronic heart failure.

Causes of sudden (acute) heart failure also include:

Allergic reactions
Any illness that affects the whole body
Blood clots in the lungs
Severe infections
Use of certain medications
Viruses that attack the heart muscle

Risk factors

A single risk factor may be enough to cause heart failure, but a combination of factors also increases your risk.

Risk factors for heart failure include:

Coronary artery disease. Narrowed arteries may limit your heart's supply of oxygen-rich blood, resulting in weakened heart muscle.
Heart attack. A heart attack is a form of coronary artery disease that occurs suddenly. Damage to your heart muscle from a heart attack may mean your heart can no longer pump as well as it should.
Heart valve disease. Having a heart valve that doesn't work properly raises the risk of heart failure.
High blood pressure. Your heart works harder than it has to if your blood pressure is high.
Irregular heartbeats. These abnormal rhythms, especially if they are very frequent and fast, can weaken the heart muscle and cause heart failure.
Congenital heart disease. Some people who develop heart failure were born with problems that affect the structure or function of their heart.
Diabetes. Having diabetes increases your risk of high blood pressure and coronary artery disease. Don't stop taking any medications on your own. Ask your doctor whether you should make changes.
Some diabetes medications. The diabetes drugs rosiglitazone (Avandia) and pioglitazone (Actos) have been found to increase the risk of heart failure in some people. Don't stop taking these medications on your own, though. If you're taking them, ask your doctor if you need to make any changes.
Certain other medications. Some medications may lead to heart failure or heart problems. They include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); certain anesthesia medications; and certain medications used to treat high blood pressure, cancer, blood conditions, irregular or abnormal heartbeats, nervous system diseases, mental health conditions, lung and urinary problems, inflammatory diseases, and infections.
Alcohol use. Drinking too much alcohol can weaken the heart muscle and lead to heart failure.
Sleep apnea. The inability to breathe properly while you sleep results in low blood-oxygen levels and an increased risk of irregular heartbeats. Both of these problems can weaken the heart.
Smoking or using tobacco. If you smoke, quit. Using tobacco increases your risk of heart disease and heart failure.
Obesity. People who have obesity have a higher risk of developing heart failure.
Viruses. Certain viral infections can cause damage to the heart muscle.

Complications

Complications of heart failure depend on the severity of heart disease, your overall health and other factors such as your age. Possible complications can include:

Kidney damage or failure. Heart failure can reduce the blood flow to your kidneys, which can eventually cause kidney failure if left untreated. Kidney damage from heart failure can require dialysis for treatment.
Heart valve problems. The valves of the heart, which keep blood flowing in the right direction, may not work properly if your heart is enlarged or if the pressure in your heart is very high due to heart failure.
Heart rhythm problems. Heart rhythm problems may lead to or increase your risk of heart failure.
Liver damage. Heart failure can cause fluid buildup that puts too much pressure on the liver. This fluid backup can lead to scarring, which makes it more difficult for your liver to work properly.

Prevention

The key to preventing heart failure is to reduce your risk factors. You can control or eliminate many of the risk factors for heart disease by making healthy lifestyle changes and by taking the medications prescribed by your doctor.

Lifestyle changes you can make to help prevent heart failure include:

Not smoking
Controlling certain conditions, such as high blood pressure and diabetes
Staying physically active
Eating healthy foods
Maintaining a healthy weight
Reducing and managing stress

Dec. 10, 2021

What is the life expectancy of someone with systolic heart failure?

One study says that people with heart failure have a life span 10 years shorter than those who don't have heart failure. Another study showed that the survival rates of people with chronic heart failure were 80% to 90% for one year, but that dropped to 50% to 60% for year five and down to 30% for 10 years.

What causes chronic systolic congestive heart failure?

Causes of Systolic Heart Failure Arrhythmia, an irregular heart rhythm. Cardiomyopathy, any condition affecting the heart muscle. Coronary artery disease, narrowing of the blood vessels that bring blood to the heart. Heart attack, which occurs when the heart doesn't get enough blood.

What is the treatment for systolic heart failure?

Common medicines for systolic heart failure are: Diuretics (water pills), which help ease swelling. ACE inhibitors, ARB, or ARNI to widen blood vessels and lower blood pressure, making it easier for your heart to work. Beta-blockers to help slow heart rate and lower blood pressure.

What is the difference between congestive heart failure and chronic heart failure?

Chronic heart failure, otherwise known as congestive heart failure or heart failure, is an ongoing inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to ensure a sufficient supply of oxygen.

chronic systolic congestive heart failure